Search   Memberlist   Usergroups
 Page 3 of 4 [53 Posts] View previous topic :: View next topic Goto page:  Previous  1, 2, 3, 4 Next
Author Message
Volker Braun
science forum beginner

Joined: 26 Apr 2005
Posts: 6

Posted: Thu Apr 28, 2005 5:23 pm    Post subject: Re: Dirac operators on Lorentzian manifolds

On Thu, 28 Apr 2005 08:15:57 -0400, Robert C. Helling wrote:
 Quote: For example (ignoring spinors), a Moebius strip (S^1 x R^1)/Z_2 [...] But is that more complicated than scattering in other spaces that are not asymptotically flat

Well, the Moebius strip is completely flat. The time-slices are
compact, but you could easily extend that by adding more flat,
noncompact space-direction(s). I don't see any problem with finding
asymptotic regions. Apart from being unable to decide whether they are
past or future, of course.

Volker
Lubos Motl
science forum beginner

Joined: 02 May 2005
Posts: 38

Posted: Sun May 01, 2005 3:14 pm    Post subject: Re: Kaluza-Klein help needed

Dear John,

let me first say how the actual electromagnetism arises from the
five-dimensional KK Universe.

The charge of the particle "Q" is a quantized entity that is conserved,
and therefore it is identified with the total momentum along the extra
circle, not the total velocity. The momentum is conserved; the velocity is
not.

Second, the four-dimensional mass satisfies

m4^2 = m5^2 + p5^2

and it has an extra contribution from the momentum along the fifth
direction, i.e. from the charge. Note that for a fixed circumference of
x^5, "p5" is conserved, and therefore a constant value of m5 is the same
thing as the constant value of m4.

 Quote: h_{ij} = g_{ij} h_{i5} = A_i h_{55} = 1

is morally OK, but it's not the most natural "right" choice at the
non-linear level. Even if you decide to stabilize (and omit) the
KK-dilaton (g_{55}, which would appear as a pre-factor of the second
term in the equation below), it is better to consider the metric of the
form

ds^2 = dx_i^2 + (dx^5 + A_i.dx^i)^2 (**)

Note that *this* has the right gauge invariance inherited from the
diffeomorphisms. You can consider the periodicity of x^5 to be constant,
say 2.pi, and the gauge transformation is

x^5 -> x^5 + lambda (x^i) (##)

Note that if you transform your coordinates as in (##) and you
simultaneously transform

A_i -> A_i - d_i lambda (x^j),

then the metric (**) is gonna be invariant. Your metric does not have this
property if you're accurate: the x^5-rotating diffeomorphism does not act
as an electromagnetic U(1) transformation because it influences not only

Note that "my" more accurate metric (**) diffes from yours - for example,
h_{ij} is no longer independent of A_{i} because it contains an extra
correction of the form A_{i}.A_{j}.

I am confident that if you redo the calculation with the "improved" metric
and with the assumption that the momentum_5 is the (conserved) charge, you
will obtain exactly the correct electromagnetic force.

All the best
Lubos
______________________________________________________________________________
E-mail: lumo@matfyz.cz fax: +1-617/496-0110 Web: http://lumo.matfyz.cz/
eFax: +1-801/454-1858 work: +1-617/384-9488 home: +1-617/868-4487 (call)
Webs: http://schwinger.harvard.edu/~motl/ http://motls.blogspot.com/
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Lubos Motl
science forum beginner

Joined: 02 May 2005
Posts: 38

 Posted: Sun May 01, 2005 3:34 pm    Post subject: Re: Kaluza-Klein help needed I forgot to mention a trivial comment. The momentum "p" - in electromagnetism - is what corresponds to "-i.hbar.derivative" with respect to "x". But its action on the wavefunction is not gauge-invariant. Of course, the U(1) gauge-invariant quantity is (p-eA), if you allow me to use the non-relativistic formula, and this is the quantity that is equal, in the nonrelativistic theory, to "mv" where "v" is velocity. In a (special) relativistic theory, (p-eA) is not exactly velocity, because of the gamma factors. Once again about the identification of the charge and the 5-momentum. In quantum theory, it is easy - the wavefunction depends on x^5 as exp(i.Q.x^5) if the circumference of x^5 is taken to be 2.pi. Also, "Q" defined in this way is conserved in the quantum theory. It's clear that in the classical theory, this will correspond to a conserved feature of the classical trajectory. The classical trajectory is a geodesic in 5 dimensions, obtained by a parallel transport of a small 5-vector p^M whose (constant) invariant "p^M.p^N.g_{MN}" equals "m_5^2". And the conserved momentum will come from the second term in the metric in (**) in the previous message - this is the U(1) gauge-invariant quantity. But of course dx^5/dx^0 has no reason to be conserved. ______________________________________________________________________________ E-mail: lumo@matfyz.cz fax: +1-617/496-0110 Web: http://lumo.matfyz.cz/ eFax: +1-801/454-1858 work: +1-617/384-9488 home: +1-617/868-4487 (call) Webs: http://schwinger.harvard.edu/~motl/ http://motls.blogspot.com/ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
science forum beginner

Joined: 02 May 2005
Posts: 21

Posted: Sun May 01, 2005 7:47 pm    Post subject: Re: Kaluza-Klein help needed

On Sat, 30 Apr 2005 08:30:31 +0000 (UTC),
baez@math.removethis.ucr.andthis.edu (John Baez) wrote:

 Quote: h_{ij} = g_{ij} h_{i5} = A_i h_{55} = 1

You should take:

h_{ij} = g_{ij}+A_iA_i
h_{i5} = A_i
h_{55} = 1

because with your

h_{ij} = g_{ij}
h_{i5} = A_i
h_{55} = 1

h is not necessarily invertible and even when it is, d/dx^5 is not a
Killing vector.

ark

--

--
science forum beginner

Joined: 02 May 2005
Posts: 21

Posted: Sun May 01, 2005 7:48 pm    Post subject: Re: Kaluza-Klein help needed

On Sat, 30 Apr 2005 08:30:31 +0000 (UTC),
baez@math.removethis.ucr.andthis.edu (John Baez) wrote:

 Quote: For a course on a classical mechanics I decided to have my students work out the geodesics on a 5-dimensional manifold M x U(1) with the metric h given by h_{ij} = g_{ij} h_{i5} = A_i h_{55} = 1 where i,j = 1,2,3,4, g is a metric on M and A is a 1-form on M describing the electromagnetic vector potential.

As I wrote in my previous post, it should be

h_{ij} = g_{ij}+A_iA_j

 Quote: I was hoping to get the equation for the motion of a charged particle in a electromagnetic field, namely m (D^2q/Dt^2)^i = e F^i_j (dq/dt)^j where: dq/dt is the derivative of the path q(t), D^2q/Dt^2 is its covariant 2nd derivative, F_{ij} = d_i A_j - d_j A_i is the electromagnetic field,

Here one must be careful. We want to write geodesic equation in 5D.

D^2q/ds^2 = 0

PROVIDED "s" is the length parameter in 5D (or an affine variation of
it).

But "length" in 5D is not the same as "length in 4D - where we want to
have just standard Lorentz force and nothing more using 4D length.

The simplest way to get the desired result quickly is by noticing that the
problem is "gauge invariant" and that we can always choose the gauge (that
is x^5 coordinate) in such a way that the A_i vanish identically on the
trajectory (there are no obstruction for making A_i to vanish along
1-dimensional curve).

ark

--

--
JS2
science forum beginner

Joined: 01 May 2005
Posts: 1

Posted: Sun May 01, 2005 7:49 pm    Post subject: Re: Novice: Indivisibility of string

"Urs Schreiber" <Urs.Schreiber@uni-essen.de> wrote in message
news:Pine.LNX.4.62.0504270925220.17446@feynman.harvard.edu...

 Quote: ...Well, if the string is a line, there are points on that line and the distance between them may vary. In essence this is not different from any continuum description of, say, a violin string, which you may found in classical mechanics textbooks. For the prupose of getting a good description of its vibrational dynamics we can forget about the fact that the violin string consists of atoms and model it as a 1-dimensional continuum.

So I guess the question comes down to the string being a one dimensional
string look like, and like your next post says, its really no stranger
than a mathematical point as an elementary particle. Okay, I can
live with that, seeing as how the only reason a point is easier to
take is that I'm used to the idea ... thanks for your help. Its a pretty
strange theory ... I suppose that's how all the people felt about relativity
and quantum mechanics at the start of the 20th century.
pirillo
science forum beginner

Joined: 02 May 2005
Posts: 5

 Posted: Mon May 02, 2005 11:15 am    Post subject: Re: Size of strings compared to size of elementary particles I think ultimately (and even in the intermediate steps)] the size of the string 1) does not matter 2) is Ill defined. One first has to define what one means by string size. 1) Conceptually 2) Experimentally To some people string size may just be the value of a coupling constant.
katerina
science forum beginner

Joined: 02 May 2005
Posts: 1

Posted: Mon May 02, 2005 11:15 am    Post subject: Re: FAQ's

Urs, I am looking forward to the answers for FAQ.
Until that time I would like to read something.
I have read The Greene's Elegant Universe (thank you, Lubos, for the
translation), and started to read hep-th/9702155v1.
I doubt that it was the best choice to start with that, but I don't know
how to choose. So I will continue reading with half understanding.

I suggest another question to FAQ -

What mathematics is needed and what should I read to understand?

Thanks
Katerina
Guest

Posted: Mon May 02, 2005 5:50 pm    Post subject: Re: Dirac operators on Lorentzian manifolds

Jack Tremarco <jacktremarco@yahoo.com> wrote in message news:<1114017473.127196.51460@l41g2000cwc.googlegroups.com>...

 Quote: This is true if you ignore non-compactness issues, which can be quite serious. In generic time-dependent backgrounds the honest answer is closer to a "no", at least if you demand mathematical rigor.

I have an idea about how to generalize the Dirac equation to
4-dimensional curved space-times which have a property P such that all
harmonic charts which verify P are related by Lorentz tranformations.

In one harmonic chart which verifies P, set w: T(M) -> R^4 as,

w = sqrt( eta g )

With the help of vector fields,

w^a(v_b) = d_ab

the Dirac equation can be generalized to,

( gamma^a(i v_a - A(v_a)) - m ) Psi = 0

The current might be,

j = Psi^h gamma^0 gamma^a Psi eta_ab w^b

which has *d*j = 0.

mihai cartoaje
Urs Schreiber
science forum Guru Wannabe

Joined: 04 May 2005
Posts: 127

Posted: Wed May 04, 2005 5:10 pm    Post subject: Re: FAQ's

"katerina" <bubenickova@plbohnice.cz> schrieb im Newsbeitrag

 Quote: What can I read about strings? What mathematics is needed and what should I read to understand?

Have a look at this:

http://superstringtheory.com/

(But stay away from the discussion forum there.)
Urs Schreiber
science forum Guru Wannabe

Joined: 04 May 2005
Posts: 127

Posted: Thu May 05, 2005 9:00 am    Post subject: Re: Size of strings compared to size of elementary particles

"pirillo" <ultraman2002@hotmail.com> schrieb im Newsbeitrag
 Quote: I think ultimately (and even in the intermediate steps)] the size of the string 1) does not matter 2) is Ill defined. One first has to define what one means by string size. 1) Conceptually

This is another FAQ. The last time this came up was here:

The following was my reply at that time. (There is of course much room for

 Quote:

"mandro" <ultraman2...@hotmail.com> schrieb im Newsbeitrag

 Quote: Well, I already said, that I'd been informed that the average length of a string is infinity.

Yes, but by regularizing (normal ordering) the observable which measures the
size of the string, one obtains a finite value which is physically very
interesting, since it can be related to black hole entropy considerations.

I recall that you, mandro, have asked these questions before, and I think I

But maybe I wasn't pointing you to enough literature. Anybody interested in
these questions should have a look at the very nice paper

Thibault Damour, Gabriele Veneziano:
Self-gravitating fundamental strings and black-holes
hep-th/9907030

and references given there, where the observable measuring the rms size of a
string is given in equations (2.9)-(2.11).

The idea is quite simple: The mean squared diameter of the string is the
average of (X-X_0)^2, taken over the worldsheet, where X_0 is the center of
mass coordinate. Now expand X in terms of worldsheet Fourier modes as usual
and then integrate over the worldsheet coordinates in order to average. The
result is (2.11), which says that the rms size is proportional to

\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{1}{n^2} (\alpha_{-n} \cdot \alpha_n + \alpha_n
\cdot \alpha_{-n}).

Clearly, when you take the expectation value of this guy in any string state
you'll get an infinite contribution from pulling the annihilators \alpha_n
through the creators \alpha_{-n}. This is a common quantum effect and is
removed by normal ordering. It has been argued that this infinite
contribution to the string's length has a proper physical meaning - but the
point is that the remaining finite part has, too.

In particular, the finite part is related to string/black hole
correspondence, which I have tried to review here:

http://golem.ph.utexas.edu/string/archives/000379.html .

In Paris I had a chance to look at Barton Zwiebach's new textbook on string
theory (my own copy has not arribed yet) and I saw that there, too, a very
nice summary of the string/black hole correspondence along the lines
summarized at the above link is given. So maybe mandro and others will
benefit from having a look at that book.

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

 Quote: To some people string size may just be the value of a coupling constant.

That's not quite right. The value of the coupling constant in 10D string
theory is related to the dilaton which again is related to the circumference
of an extra dimension.
pirillo
science forum beginner

Joined: 02 May 2005
Posts: 5

Posted: Tue May 10, 2005 6:19 am    Post subject: Re: Size of strings compared to size of elementary particles

 Quote: To some people string size may just be the value of a coupling constant. That's not quite right. The value of the coupling constant in 10D string theory is related to the dilaton which again is related to the circumference of an extra dimension.

What if there's no extra compactified dimension, what then.
What if I visualize a bosonic string living in 4 spacetime dimensions
See, the word "string size" is nearly meaningless without adding a lot
of qualifiers. If it's the average size [as you prescibed wrt a given
cutoff
procedure] , wrt a string state then I expect this to wary as the state

varies, what state are you talking about?
pirillo
science forum beginner

Joined: 02 May 2005
Posts: 5

 Posted: Tue May 10, 2005 6:20 am    Post subject: Re: Size of strings compared to size of elementary particles Do you integrate over the wholeworldsheet (X-X_0 )^2 , or do you integrate over the sigma coordinate only?
Urs Schreiber
science forum Guru Wannabe

Joined: 04 May 2005
Posts: 127

Posted: Wed May 11, 2005 5:06 pm    Post subject: Re: Size of strings compared to size of elementary particles

On Tue, 10 May 2005, pirillo wrote:

 Quote: Do you integrate over the wholeworldsheet (X-X_0 )^2 , or do you integrate over the sigma coordinate only?

You want to average that over space _and_ time to get the rms size of the
string. I seem to recall that this is discussed in the references that I
provided.
Urs Schreiber
science forum Guru Wannabe

Joined: 04 May 2005
Posts: 127

Posted: Wed May 11, 2005 5:10 pm    Post subject: Re: Size of strings compared to size of elementary particles

On Tue, 10 May 2005, pirillo wrote:

 Quote: To some people string size may just be the value of a coupling constant. That's not quite right. The value of the coupling constant in 10D string theory is related to the dilaton which again is related to the circumference of an extra dimension. What if there's no extra compactified dimension, what then.

Then it's still not true that the string size is the value of a coupling
constant.

 Quote: What if I visualize a bosonic string living in 4 spacetime dimensions

The you have a noncritical string and are in pretty deep waters.

 Quote: See, the word "string size" is nearly meaningless without adding a lot of qualifiers.

True. So go ahead and specify precisely which notion of "string size" you
are interested in.

 Quote: If it's the average size [as you prescibed wrt a given cutoff procedure] , wrt a string state then I expect this to wary as the state varies, what state are you talking about?

Indeed. That procedure I mentioned gives you an operator and taking the
expectation value of that operator in a given state of the string gives
the rms size of the string in that state.

 Display posts from previous: All Posts1 Day7 Days2 Weeks1 Month3 Months6 Months1 Year Oldest FirstNewest First
 Page 3 of 4 [53 Posts] Goto page:  Previous  1, 2, 3, 4 Next View previous topic :: View next topic
 The time now is Thu Jun 22, 2017 8:44 pm | All times are GMT
 Jump to: Select a forum-------------------Forum index|___Science and Technology    |___Math    |   |___Research    |   |___num-analysis    |   |___Symbolic    |   |___Combinatorics    |   |___Probability    |   |   |___Prediction    |   |       |   |___Undergraduate    |   |___Recreational    |       |___Physics    |   |___Research    |   |___New Theories    |   |___Acoustics    |   |___Electromagnetics    |   |___Strings    |   |___Particle    |   |___Fusion    |   |___Relativity    |       |___Chem    |   |___Analytical    |   |___Electrochem    |   |   |___Battery    |   |       |   |___Coatings    |       |___Engineering        |___Control        |___Mechanics        |___Chemical

 Topic Author Forum Replies Last Post Similar Topics Dirac delta with complex argument vanamali@netzero.net Math 3 Thu Jul 13, 2006 3:19 am dimension of the subspace of operators eugene Math 2 Sat Jul 08, 2006 3:26 pm Nonnegative linear operators on L^1 and convergence eugene Math 3 Wed Jun 28, 2006 11:04 am Affine and projective manifolds Die Herren Rubens und Mic Math 4 Wed Jun 14, 2006 8:42 pm are operators on complete distributive lattices continuous? Tobias Matzner Math 0 Sun Jun 11, 2006 2:45 pm