Rolf Guthmann
science forum beginner
Joined: 25 Mar 2005
Posts: 7
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 Posted: Fri Mar 25, 2005 1:32 am Post subject:
The Graviton
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The Graviton?
Theoretically predicted but never observed, this hypothetical particle
with no electric charge and no mass is supposed to be responsible for
the gravitational interaction between matter and energy.
The following summary will show how its existence can be predicted and
why we can eliminate it from the new theory of gravity.
Its existence has traditionally been justified by the need for an
element responsible for gravitational mediation, to carry out the
transmission of energy between objects or particles, because physics
does not accept the conversion of force into energy. It is presumed
that the graviton disappears and is converted into energy when it acts
on an object or particle.
We know that when a force acts on a particle, its energy is altered,
and that this energy is quantised in multiples of h (Planck’s
Constant), as established by quantum theory and confirmed
experimentally. We can thus analyse the following relations between
force and energy.
Force is equal to change in momentum over change in time.
We therefore have:
F = ΔP/ΔT [N or (kg.m) /s/s]. (13-1)
Force is also equal to change in energy over change in distance.
We therefore have:
F = ΔE/Δx [N or (kg.m2)/s2/m]. (13-2)
Where:
ΔE = (E2 – E1) [(kg.m2)/s2] (13-3)
When a force acts on an object or particle, its energy is changed,
which is to say that work is done. This work is a change in energy,
with the same units as the energy itself, thus:
W = ΔE = E2 – E1= F.Δx [Joules or N.m or (kg.m2)/s2]. (13-4)
| Quote: | From 13-4, we can see that, as work is a change in energy, and as this
energy is quantised, we can state that the work must also be quantised. |
If one is quantised, the other must also be.
Returning to 13-2, the force must therefore also be quantised, assuming
that any change in distance is a continuous quantity.
We can now ask whether the distance is indeed continuous, which we
cannot state with absolute certainty. It may be theoretically possible
to always find a new point between any two given points, but quantum
mechanics shows that the shortest measurable distance is Planck’s
length (Lp).
Using the gravitational energy of an isolated mass given here:
Eg @ 3/5.Gk.m2/r [Joules or N.m or (kg.m2)/s2], (13-5)
we can deduce Planck’s length (Lp) as follows:
Lp = (. Gk/c3)^(1/2) [m]. (13-6)
This Lp could theoretically generate the lowest quantised work (Wq),
and this could be used to define the lowest quantum of gravitational
force (Fq). Here is the graviton.
It was shown in chapter 7 of the QTG that the Universal Gravitational
Constant (Gk) is not entirely constant, but was calculated for this
part of the universe and could assume different values depending on the
presence of objects or masses that could modulate the frequency of the
local time reference. We can thus conclude that Lp will also vary from
place to place, which will be of significance later.
As gravity is the weakest force, the graviton would theoretically be
its elementary unit. In this case, it would be a quantum of work by
Planck’s length (Lp), and the graviton would have the following
force:
Fq = Wq/Lp [N or (kg.m /s/s)]. (13-7)
| Quote: | From 13-7, we can see that this quantum of gravitational force (Fq) has
the units of force [N], while gravity has the units of acceleration |
[m/s/s]. As force is classically the product of mass and acceleration,
we have:
F = m.a [N or (kg.m /s/s)]. (13-8)
It was strategically determined that the graviton should have zero
mass:
m = 0 [kg],
We should therefore theoretically have a lowest quantum of
gravitational force equal to zero:
Fq = m . 0 = 0 [N ou (kg.m /s/s)]. (13-9)
For this to occur, convention determined that this quantum of
gravitational force be magically converted into inertia. In chapter 6
of the QTG, it was shown that this artifice is unnecessary, with the
demonstration that a difference in the relative forces of the atom
results in a force without mass or inertia, thereby respecting all the
laws and postulates of the classical theories of physics.
In chapter 2 of the QTG, it was shown that gravity is generated only
when an atom is found in a gravitational field, without which there can
be no temporal reference, this being defined by the presence of at
least one other atom, and that the gravity generated also depends on
the intensity of the gravitational field. We can conclude that it is
not a force that generates gravity, but the presence of a gravitational
field. That is to say, we do not have the conversion of force into
energy, but the conversion of the influence of a gravitational field
into gravitational energy, because, as shown in chapter 8 of the QTG,
“gravity gravitates”.
In the following SITE http://www.geocities.com/rolfguthmann/ we will
demonstrate how gravity can be found in atoms and the importance of
time. |
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